Vickers hardness of composite resins cured with LED and QTH units

Statement of Problem: One of the factors affecting the degree of polymerization of light-cured composites is the type of light-curing unit used. In addition, physicomechanical properties of the composite resins depend on the degree of conversion and polymerization

Objectives: Since the type of initiator in new composite resins is not explained by manufacturers, this study is an attempt to compare the depth of hardening, with two LED and QTH light-curing units

Materials and Methods: Fifteen samples prepared from Gradia Direct and Filtek Z250, both of which being universal, were cured with QTH [Astralis 7] and LED [Bluephase C8] light-curing units. All the samples were molded in polyester resin and cut from the middle by a disk. The hardness of the cut area was evaluated at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4-mm depth intervals and also at the same interval as the width of the sample, with Vickers hardness machine, while the samples were placed in a darkroom. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, t-test and post Hoc Tukey's tests in SPSS, version 16

Results: Filtek Z250 was harder than Gradia Direct at all the depth with both light-curing units. The hardness of Filtek Z250 sample cured with Astralis 7 was higher than that cured with LED, but with Gradia Direct the LED unit resulted in higher hardness. Curing depth was not significantly different between the groups [p = 0.109]

Conclusions: Vickers hardness number for both composites used in this study is in an acceptable range for clinical implications. The composites' composition is important to be considered for selection of light unit. Based on the findings of the present study, LED did not present more curing depth compared with QTH

[The effect of Althaea officinalis.L root alcoholic extract on blood sugar level and lipid profiles of streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats]

Introduction: Althaea officinalis is listed among potential anti-diabetic herbal medicines. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the alcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis root on lowering blood sugar and lipid profiles in the treatment of type I diabetes

Materials and Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups [n=10 each] as follows: Non-diabetic control, sham receiving normal saline [NS], and the diabetic control groups, which received extract of Althaea officinalis at doses of 200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight respectively through gastric gavage and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg, for a period of 4 weeks. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin [STZ] [60 mg/kg body weight]

Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of Althaea officinalis significantly decreased blood glucose levels [P<0.05] in diabetic rats treated, at all doses [200, 400, 800 mg/kg]. Significant improvement was also observed in dyslipidemia [p<0.05], caused by diabetes mellitus, as confirmed by reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and significantly elevated levels of HDL. Fasting blood glucose levels of glibenclamide treated rats 200 mg/kg doses of the extract were significantly lower than those in the diabetic control group [P<0.05]. However levels of fasting blood glucose in the group treated with 400, 800 mg/kg doses of the extract had no significant difference, as compared to the group treated with glibenclamide [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Results of this study discovered significant hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects for the extract of Althaea officinalis in Wistar rats

[ effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis .L on the level of renal function and liver enzymes in diabetic rats]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of kidney and liver disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Melissa officinalis on indicators of liver function and kidney in diabetic rats

Materials and Methods:Thirtyfive wistar rats were divided into 5 groups [n=7 each] as follows: Control, diabetic control and three diabetic groups, which received alcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis at doses of 100, 200 mg/kg body weight respectively through gastric gavage and glibenclamide 10 mg/ kg, for a period of 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin [STZ]. At the end of this period [21 days], blood samples were collected for measurement of liver enzymes and factors for data analysis

Results: Amounts of enzyme levels of alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] in the group treated with the extract, compared to the diabetic control group showed no significant changes, whereas serum levels of alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma glutamyl transferase [GGT] were significantly reduced [P<0.05], which declined most in the group receiving the minimum dose of the extract. Serum creatinine and urea in the group receiving the highest dose showed a significant decrease compared to other groups [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The extract Melissa officinalis with lower levels of liver enzymes, particularly ALP and GGT and renal markers, urea and creatinine was effective in improving liver function and treatment of diseases of the liver and kidneys

[Effect of atorvastatin on pancreatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat]

Previous studies have shown that atorvastatin inhibits oxidative stress in different tissues of body during certain pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of atorvastatin treatment as an antioxidant to prevent pancreatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Method: The experiment was performed in four groups of rats [n=5 each] normal, normal treated, diabetic and diabetic treated, who were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin [40 mg/kg]. After 30 days of treatment, pancreas tissue was removed under deep anesthesia. After tissue homogenization, superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT] activities, as well as glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] levels were determined by biochemical methods. In addition to increased blood glucose levels in diabetic rats [78%], enzymes activities of SOD and CAT were significantly increased, compared to the normal rats. Also, induction of diabetes significantly decreased the GSH content of pancreas by 40%, and increased MDA level by 53%. Finally treatment with atorvastatin significantly increased the content of GSH and prevented augmentation of SOD activity. Based on findings of this study, diabetic-induced hyperglycemia provokes the production of pancreas free radicals that lead to oxidative stress. Also, treatment with atorvastatin may prevent hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the pancreas tissue of these animals

Quality of life of Iranian beta-thalassaemia major patients living on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea

In the present study, the aim was to explore the quality of life of thalassaemia major [TM] patients according to age, sex, school performance, severity and complications of the disease. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. Quality of life was evaluated by 4 questionnaires; demographic characteristics, the short form 36 health survey [SF-36], Persian version of symptoms checklist-90-revised [SCL-90-R] and life satisfaction index [LSI]. 687 [41.08%] of the eligible patients with TM completed the questionnaires. With the SF-36 questionnaire, 329 [47.9%] participants had an excellent level of physical functioning. With the SCL-90-R questionnaire, 446 [64.9%] participants had a global severity index of > 0.7, considered psychiatric patients, 141 [20.5%] patients had GSI between 0.4 and 0.7, considered suspected psychiatric patients and 100 [14.6%] participants had GSI of < 0.4, considered non-psychiatric patients. The mean score of LSI questionnaire was 20.50 [SD 5.95], range 2-37. Beta-TM patients are at risk of psychiatric symptoms and need appropriate psychiatric counseling

[ effect of cadmium on hippocampus development of rat embryos and L-carnitine protective role]

Cadmium is a toxic metal which is widely used in industry. This metal exerts toxic effects on multiple organs, including nervous system. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of cadmium on weight and development of hippocampus in Wistar rat embryos and then determining whether L-carnitine, as an antioxidant, can protect hippocampus from the toxic effects. Female Wistar rats [250-300g] were used in this study. 24 hours after mating with male rats, the females were separated and their vaginal smears were examined for sperm detection. This day was considered as embryonic zero day. The female rats were divided into three groups: The control group which received no injection, the experimental group 1 which received 1mg/kg B.W cadmium and the experimental group 2 which received 1mg/kg B.W cadmium+500mg/kg B.W L-carnitin in days 7 and 10 of gestation. On day 17 of gestation, the animals were sacrificed by chloroform over dose and their embryos were removed surgically. The embryos were fixed in formalin 10% for 30 days, the weight of embryos were measured. Then tissue processing, sectioning and Hematoxylin-Eosin [H and M] staining were done. Some sections of hippocampus were evaluated using light microscope and MOTIC soft ware. The weight of embryos were significantly decreased in experimental groups. This decrease was significantly greater in the Experimental group 2. The number of cells and thickness of hippocampus layers were decreased significantly just in the second group. These findings indicate that cadmium has teratogenic effects on embryo's weight and development of hippocampus and at least a part of these effects may be inhibited by L-carnitine

[Effect of Ocimum basilicum L. aerial parts extract and fractions on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice]

Ocimum basilicum showed antinociceptive activity. The antinociceptive effect was inhibited by naloxone in hot-plate test. As O. basilicum antinociceptive activity was inhibited by an opioid antagonist, activity-guided fractionation of methanol extract of this plant was carried out to investigate the isolation of the active component[s] responsible for the alleviation of morphine withdrawal syndrome induced by naloxone. Dependence was induced using subcutaneous injections of morphine daily for three days [50, 50 and 75 mg/kg]. On the fourth day, morphine was injected two hours prior to the intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. The number of jumps during the 30 minute period after naloxone injection was considered as measure of the withdrawal syndrome. The extract and fractions were injected 30 min prior to morphine injection. The methanol extract of plant was suspended in water and extracted with chloroform. The active chloroform layer was concentrated and partitioned between methanol-water [9:1] and petroleum ether. The extract or fraction was injected intraperitoneally at doses 0.15 - 1.46 g/kg. The methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts decreased the jumping numbers more than the aqueous and hydro-alcohol extracts. Further fractionation on silica gel column chromatography yielded a fraction, which was 4 times as effective as the crude extract. The results of this study indicated that the plant extracts and fractions containing non- polar component [s] could be useful for the alleviation of morphine withdrawal syndrome

[Impacts of cell culture methods on proliferation, morphology and differentiation of chicken bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells]

By attention to the practical importance of the stem cells screening and culture, this study was conducted on chicken bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This study was performed to determine the effect of screening and cultural methods on the cell morphology and differentiation. This was an experimental study carried out at Pasture institute in 2009. One milligram aspirated bone marrow from tibia of a two-week old Raf chicken was cultured in low-glucose DMEM, 10% FBS, penicillin and streptomycin using both direct [without RBC removal] and Ficol [with RBC removal] mounted culture methods. After 4 passages, the bone marrow cells of two cell culture methods were compared for their morphology and differentiation into bone, cartilage, and adipose. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test. In direct cell culture, more colonization compared with Ficol mounting method, was observed and most cells showed fibroblastic morphology. Also, the results were indicative of higher yields of differentiation into bone [21%], cartilage [27%], and adipose [40%] in direct method. According to our results, the application of direct culturing system for screening and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells seems to be a better protocol to screen the chicken bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared to Ficol mounting method

[ evaluation of melatonin effect on in-vitro development of mouse preimplantation embryos]

Melatonin promotes in-vitro embryo development in different species. This study studied the effects of melatonm on in-vitro mouse preimplantation embryo development. Two-cell embryos were obtained from oviduct of 6-8 weeks female NMRI mice 48 hours after administration of an intra-pentoneal injection of 5 lU/ml pregnant mares serum gonadotrophin and subsequent 5 ILJ/ml human chononic gonadotrophin [ip]. Embryos were cultured in T6 culture medium supplemented with different dosages of melatonin [0 [control group], 100x10[-6]M, 10 x10[-6]M, 1x10[-6], 100x10[-9]M and 10 x10[-9]M [1-5 treatment groups]]. With due attention to percent of embryos in different stages, the rate of development of embryos was assessed using of invert microscope. It is also compared to control group. The results showed that the rate of cleavage and development of mouse the embryos to blastocyst stage increased significantly in the development culture medium supplemented with 10 and 100 nM/mg of melatonin in comparison to control group [p< 0.001]. The results of this study demonstrate that, enriching the culture medium with melatonin, improve mouse preimplantation development

[Effects of cefixime on the testis structure and pituitary-gonadal hormones in adult Balb/C mice]

Cefixime is an antimicrobial agent which has a widespread ability against various pathogens, especially gram-negative organisms. Today, physicians apply cephalosporins especially cefixime in a wide scale. Regarding the side effects of some of these antibiotics on reproductive system, this study was conducted to determine the effect of cefixime on pituitary-gonadal hormones, gonadotrophins and testes morphology in adult male mice. Eighteen male mice [age: 12-16 weeks, weight: 35 +/- 5 gr] were divided into three groups; control, sham and experimental [6 mice in each group]. Experimental group received cefixime [0.5 gr/kg/day] as a solution in dimethyl solfoxide [DMSO] for 10 days; the sham group received only drug solvent [DMSO] via IP injection and the control group remained intact. The animals were weighed and sacrificed. Level of hormones was measured by Radioi Immuno Assay [RIA] method. Then, tissues were fixed in Buin's fixative. Sections were cut into 5 micro m thicknesses and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin [H and E]. Data were analyzed using T-test and SPSS software. Count of spermatogenic, Sertoli and leydig cells and titer of FSH significantly decreased in the experimental group in comparison with the control and sham groups [P<0.01 and P<0.05]. In the experimental group, DHEA hormone decreased significantly [P<0.05] in comparison with sham. No significant differences were seen in other factors between the groups. Regarding physiological role of Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis, reduction of FSH hormone may lead to negative effects on the sperm production and reproductive potential of male mice

Comparison between the effectiveness of glucosamine sulfate and zintoma on clinical improvement of knee osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent human articular diseases, with numerous personal, social and familial problems. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Glucosamine sulfate, Zintoma and Placebo in knee OA clinical improvement. Materials and methods: Considering inclusion criteria, 225 patients with primary kneeo OA were studied in three groups, for 12 weeks, as a double blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial. all the above mentioned drugs were used by patients for three times a day, and pain parameter [on the base ofVAS-100 mm] and function [on the base of WOMAQ questionnaire] were measured at regular intervals of 0, 6 and 12 week, and then compared by K SQUARE-test. Results: from all 225 patients 35 were excluded because of the drug: side effects, particularly GI. from the othe, 63 were classified in Zintoma group, 59 in Glucosamine sulfate group, and 68 in Placebo group. based on the findings, pain intensity at the resting time had significant analytic decreased in all groups at 6th week [P=0.001]. At the first week, pain intensity showed also significant decreased only in Zintoma and Glucosamine groups sulfate, [P=0.001].The pain reduction rate significant in both groups of Glucosamine sulfate and Zintoma [P=0.02] in contrast to Placebo group [P=0.4]. The knee pain on movement was reduced significantly in all three groups at throughout the [P=0.001]. Conclusion: Results of present study indicated that use of Zintoma might be more effective to reduce knee movement pain, compared with the Glucosamine sulfate. All in all it seems that more research is needed to compare the effectiveness of such drugs, especially in a worldwide scale

[Radiographic evaluation of dental malocclusion and elongation of the teeth in rabbits: a retrospective study]

Aquired dental disease is characterized by deterioration of tooth quality, acquired malocclusion and elongation of the teeth roots. By now, there is no study to show incidence rate of dental diseases in Iranian pet rabbits. The aim of this study is to investigate types of disorders [dental malocclusion and elongation of the teeth roots] and rate of dental diseases based on information received from radiographs prepared from referred rabbits to Small animals Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran. During three years [2004-2007] 64 out of 239 radiographs were related to dental disorders in rabbits. Among 64 studied radiographs, 23.44% were affected by stage I of the disease and the same rate was affected by the stage II. Almost 37.5% of the affected rabbits showed signs of stage III of the disease which were accompanying with malocclusion and loss of zigzag occlusal pattern of upper and lower cheek teeth. 15.62% were affected by stage IV of the disease, no affected cases with stage V was shown. These results showed high occurrence rate of tooth root elongation and malocclusion [about 64.06%] in referred pet rabbits to the University of Tehran Veterinary hospital

[Effect of vitrification on sperm parameters and apoptosis in fertile men]

Today, cryopreservation of the human sperm is a common technique for treating infertility. It has been indicated that cryopreservation by different methods decrease the sperm motility and viability in fertile men, but still effect of freezing of the sperm by vitrification method have not been evaluated on sperm parameters and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitrification of sperm of fertile men on different sperm parameters [motility, morphology, viability and count[and apoptosis after thawing. In this experimental study which was conducted at Yazd Infertility Research and Clinical Center in 2009, seventeen semen samples were collected by masturbation from people who came to this centre. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO standards. Smear was provided from these samples and fixed for TUNEL staining. Some samples were directly cryopreserved by cryoloope in liquid nitrogen and stored at least for Seven days. After thawing, samples were evaluated for sperm parameters. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using paired T-test and Willcoxon statistical test. The progressive movement of sperm was significantly decreased by vitrification. Also significant decrease in viability and morphology of the sperm and increase in the rate of apoptosis was observed after vitrification. The amount of apoptosis had negatively correlated with normal parameters of spermatozoa [especially progressive motility and viability]. These results indicated that vitrification is harmful for sperm parameters and of apoptosis rate in fertile men. However, the apoptosis rate was lower compared to other freezing methods

[Isolation, culture and differentiation of chicken bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells]

At the present time, the importance of stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells, is of utmost importance for scientists. Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells which can divide into a variety of different cells. Regarding this, it is of importance in preclinical studies. The aim of this study was the isolating of mesenchymal stem cells derived from chicken bone marrow and assessing their ability for differentiation. These cells can be used in the studies related to tissue engineering and gene therapy. This was an experimental study which was conducted at Pasteur institute of Iran in 2008-2009. In this study, 15-day old Raf chickens were used. For cultivating the mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrows of the legs and tibia were extracted with flashing technique. After the cell cultivation and proliferation, a part of the cells was frozen in liquid nitrogen. In order to make sure that these cells were mesenchymal stem cells. The cells were differentiated into three lines of bone, cartilage and adipose. Specific staining was done for histological analysis. Chicken bone marrow is a potential source of adult stem cells. Stem cells derived from bone marrow could differentiate to Osteocyte, Chondrocyte and Adipocyte cells. For the first time, results of this research indicated that stem cells derived from chicken's bone marrow are an important source of stem cells. They have the potential for differentiation; are cost effective, have a simple isolating method and are free of bioethical problems

[Effects boswellia carterii gum resin fractions on intact memory and hyoscine-induced learning impairments in rats performing the morris water maze task]

In traditional medicine, a gum resin obtained from Boswellia carterii, has been used as an agent for enhancing memory and learning abilities. In the present research, the effect of fractions obtained from gum resin of Boswellia carterii was assessed on enhancement of memory in intact and on memory impairments induced in rats by hyoscine using the Morris water maze task. The ethyl acetate [0.1 mg/kg] and N-butanol [0.1 mg/kg] fractions were injected intraperitoneally to rats 1 h before training for 5 consecutive days. During the training period, four trials were carried out each day. On the 5th day of the experiment, the locomotor activity was assessed using open field test. The effect of ethyl acetate fractions was evaluated on memory impairment induced by hyoscine [0.5 mg/kg]. The ethyl acetate [0.1 mg/kg] and N-butanol [0.1 mg/kg] fractions showed significant effects in enhancing the memory ability in intact rats. This effect was much significant with ethyl acetate fraction [p<0.001]. The ethyl acetate [0.1 mg/kg] fraction reduced the deficit effect of hyoscine on memory [p<0.001]. The N-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions [0.1 g/kg] have no effect on locomotor activity. On the basis of these results, B. carterii gum resin improved intact memory and the hyoscine impaired acquisition/performance activity. This effect may be mediated via cholinergic system

Factors influencing the use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs among the general population in Tehran, Iran

To determine the demographic and socioeconomic factors influencing the use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs among the general population in Tehran, Iran. Data including demographic, educational status, paid employment, area of residence, weighted asset index [calculated by weighting 16 assets], ethnicity/religion and the use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs were collected for a sample of 4722 individuals aged 15 and over living in Tehran, Iran. Using multiple logistic regression analysis in results showed that the use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs was lower in male than female and in never-married persons than in married or widowed/divorced. There was no association between the use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs with age, educational status, paid employment, area of residence, having insurance, asset index or ethnicity/religion. It seems that the current pattern of use of herbal remedies/medicinal herbs is similar to the pattern of healthcare utilization; however it is not influenced by having insurance, educational or economic status

Molecular analysis of Bcl-2 and cyclin Dl expression in differentially expressing estrogen receptor breast cancer MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-468 cell lines treated with adriamycin

Bcl-2 and Cyclin Dl [CCND1] are key elements in cancer development and progression. Bcl-2 acts as a cell death suppressor and is involved in apoptosis regulation. Cyclin Dl is an important regulator of Gl/S phase of the cell cycle progression. In addition, estrogen receptor [ER] is an important prognostic factor in breast cancer cells. Therefore it is important to determine the Bcl-2 and CCND1 expression in MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines with different ER status following Adriamycin [ADR] treatment. Cytotoxicity of ADR [250 and 500nM] after 1-5 days exposure of the cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and cyclin Dl in tested cell lines were also analyzed by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry [ICC] methods ADR cytotoxicity was highest in MDA-MB-468 and lowest in MCF7 cells in a time-dependent manner. Bcl-2 mRNA increased in MCF7 and decreased in MDA-MB-468 after exposure to ADR but it was less detectable in T47D cells. The expression of CCND1 in MCF7 with high level of ER expression was higher than the other two cell lines in untreated conditions. However, CCND1 mRNA did not show significant changes after ADR treatment. Immunocytochemical analysis did not show significant differences between Bcl-2 protein expression in the presence or absence of ADR in MDA-MB-468 cell line while in T47D and MCF7 cells its expression decreased after exposure to ADR. In addition to nuclear expression of cyclin Dl in all cell lines, strong cytoplasmic expression of cyclin Dl protein was observed only in MCF7 and T47D cells. The tested cell lines with different levels of ER expression showed differential molecular responses to ADR that is important in tumor-targeted cancer therapy

[ effect of prenatal care group education on pregnant mothers' knowledge, attitude and practice]

Effective prenatal education may play an important role in decreasing diseases and morbidity and therefore promoting mother's health. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of group education [by a standard teaching model] on knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant mothers. This study was a field trial which was performed on 60 pregnant women in their 6[th] to 8[th] gesta-tional age. Samples were divided into two groups randomly. The experiment group was instructed using the standard protocol developed by maternal health unit of Isfahan Provincial Health Center and the control group received the routine prenatal instructions. In the standard protocol, the educational needs during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy were determined and 14 training sessions with prepared lesson plans were designed. The data were gathered by a questionnaire. Mother's knowledge in second and third trimester was significantly higher in intervention group compared to the control group. Also, it was almost significant in the first trimester. But, the educational program had no effect on mothers' attitude and no difference between the attitude of the two groups of intervention and control was observed. In contrast, the education had a positive effect on mothers' practice and a significant difference was revealed between the practices of the two groups. Considering the special features of this educational model, implementing this program as a continuous intervention in all health care centers could improve the quality of prenatal care

Use of meta-anaglysis to determining the associated factors of an outbreak occurred in the summer 2005 in Iran

According to the report of Iranian Center of Disease Control, in the summer of 2005 an outbreak of cholera [Inaba serotype] occurred in Iran. The outbreak lasted the mid of September. The aim of this study was to use the result of different studies performed during this period to determine source of infection. This is a meta-analysis study, which studies performed in Qum, Arak, Karaj, Golestan and Ghazvin were eligible. All of these studies were case control ones performed during the August 2005. The total of cases were 531 Pooled odds ratios was used to estimate by fixed and random method. All computations were performed by Stata 8 software. The estimated pooled odds ratios resulted from 5 differemt studies were used in the meta-analysis as the following: travelling [1.64; 95% CI: 0.98-1.88], non-pasteurized ice cream [0.88; 95%CI: 0.48-1.61], post toilet hand washing [3.72; 95% CI: 0.86-16.05], eating meal outside home [2.38; 95% CI: 1.46-3.90], raw fruit eating [0.98; 95% CI: 0.42-2.18] and raw vegetables use [5.36; 95%CI: 2.4-12]. According to the results of this study raw vegetable use and having meal outside home were significantly associated to the cholera in mentioned provinc